Translation and Meaning of: 判子 - hanko

The Japanese word 「判子」, or "hanko" in romaji, refers to a personal stamp widely used in Japan to authorize documents, contracts, and other types of official papers. In many ways, the hanko serves as a form of signature for the Japanese, carrying both a practical function and a deep cultural significance. Originating from the Han dynasty in China, the use of stamps arrived in Japan around the 8th century and was gradually adopted by the aristocracy and later by the merchant and common classes.

The etymology of the word 「判子」 is composed of two kanji characters: 「判」 (han), which can mean "judgment" or "decision," and 「子」 (ko), which literally means "child" or "small." In the case of hanko, this second kanji is often used to denote a small object, or a stamp in this context. The characters, therefore, together indicate an object (stamp) used to authenticate or confirm decisions and judgments.

There are some variations in the use of hankos, depending on the purpose and importance of the document they are certifying. One of the most common variations is the 「実印」 (jitsuin), which is officially ed and used in formal transactions, such as buying real estate. Another less formal variation is the 「認印」 (nittin), typically used for everyday documents, such as receiving packages. The use of hankos is so widespread that almost every adult in Japan possesses at least one.

Although the use of hanko is a deeply rooted tradition, in recent years it has been challenged by digitalization and the increasing adoption of electronic signatures. Nevertheless, many resist completely giving up this cultural practice, as it continues to symbolize a tangible and reliable method of identity authentication in the Japanese context. In contrast to cultures that use handwritten signatures, hanko reflects a unique Japanese approach to credibility and trust.

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Synonyms and similar words

• 印鑑 (Inkan) - Personal stamp, commonly used for g documents.
• 印章 (Inshou) - Stamp, often used in contracts, which can be more generic.
• 実印 (Jitsuin) - Official seal, ed at the notary for the authentication of important documents.
• 印鑑証明書 (Inkan Shoumei-sho) - Certificate that authenticates the validity of the stamp used by a person.