Antigamente no Japão, os anos eram contados de acordo com o reinado de um imperador, esse sistema é conhecido como nengō ou Calendário Imperial Japonês.
But in the Meiji Reform, which took place in 1873, the government announced the adoption of the Gregorian calendar (which we use).
Ainda hoje, o sistema nengō é usado entre os japoneses, sendo requerido em alguns documentos oficiais do governo. Vamos conhecer um pouco desse sistema e das eras (ou períodos) que é vital no uso do Calendário Imperial Japonês.
Table of Contents
The era (periods) of Japan
As eras do Japão (元号; gengō ou 年号; nengō) é um meio de contagem de tempo no qual inicia de acordo com o início do reinado de um imperador até o fim de seu reinado. Os japoneses costumavam usar essa contagem para indicar seu ano de nascimento, ou o ano em que viviam.
Exemplo: A era Heisei começou em 1989 com reinado do imperador Akihito. Eu nasci em 1995, então no calendário Imperial japonês eu nasci no ano 7 da era Heisei (平成7年). E em 2016 estamos no ano 28 da era Heisei (平成28年).
In the table below you will find the start of each era, starting from the Meiji era or Modern Japan:
| Period / Era | Kanji | Emperor | Calendar / Start - End |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meiji | 明治 | Emperor Meiji | 1868-1912 |
| Taishō | 大正 | Emperor Taishō | 1912-1926 |
| Shōwa | 昭和 | Emperor Showa | 1926-1989 |
| Heisei | 平成 | Emperor Akihito | 1989... (Current Emperor) |
Throughout the history of Japan, thousands of internal wars have occurred, and many Emperors had a reign period. So the Periods (or eras) that we will see in the table below were counted according to historical events and not the reign of an Emperor.
This counting system was adopted in 645 by Emperor Kotoku, with the first era known as Taika that is present in the Asuka Period.
| Era (Period) | Beginning of the Era | end of era |
| Asuka period | 538 | 710 |
| Nara period | 710 | 794 |
| Período Heian | 794 | 1185 |
| Kamakura period | 1185 | 1333 |
| Daikakuji and Jimyoin | -- | -- |
| Muromachi period | 1392 | 1573 |
| Sengoku Period | 1467 | 1573 |
| Azuchi-Momoyama period | 1573 | 1603 |
| Período Edo | 1603 | 1867 |
At the end of the article we will leave a list with the name of all the eras according to the reign of each emperor.
It is worth ing that the name of the Era or Period is not the same name as the emperor, he may determine the name, and sometimes after his morth he ends up being called by the name he gave to his reign period.
Imperial Japanese Calendar
As already explained, the Japanese Imperial Calendar is calculated by the regnal year of each emperor. It's not very difficult to understand.
The Gregorian calendar we use in Brazil is indicated by the Day/Month/Year in Japan they invert and use Year 年/Month 月/Day 日. The Japanese imperial calendar is represented by the year of the period or era.
The number comes after the kanji of the era and then comes the kanji for year 年. Example: 昭和7年/12月/21日
| Meiji | 明治 |
| Taishō | 大正 |
| Shōwa | 昭和 |
| Heisei | 平成 |
Se você precisa saber em que ano nasceu no calendário imperial japonês. Recomendamos esse site (clique aqui), ou que veja a tabela abaixo que está em ordem decrescente:
| Ano Gregoriano | Ano Imperial | Ano Gregoriano | Ano Imperial |
| 2014 | Heisei 26 | 1970 | Showa 45 |
| 2013 | Heisei 25 | 1969 | Showa 44 |
| 2012 | Heisei 24 | 1968 | Showa 43 |
| 2011 | Heisei 23 | 1967 | Showa 42 |
| 2010 | Heisei 22 | 1966 | Showa 41 |
| 2009 | Heisei 21 | 1965 | Showa 40 |
| 2008 | Heisei 20 | 1964 | Showa 39 |
| 2007 | Heisei 19 | 1963 | Showa 38 |
| 2006 | Heisei 18 | 1962 | Showa 37 |
| 2005 | Heisei 17 | 1961 | Showa 36 |
| 2004 | Heisei 16 | 1960 | Showa 35 |
| 2003 | Heisei 15 | 1959 | Showa 34 |
| 2002 | Heisei 14 | 1958 | Showa 33 |
| 2001 | Heisei 13 | 1957 | Showa 32 |
| 2000 | Heisei 12 | 1956 | Showa 31 |
| 1999 | Heisei 11 | 1955 | Showa 30 |
| 1998 | Heisei 10 | 1954 | Showa 29 |
| 1997 | Heisei 9 | 1953 | Showa 28 |
| 1996 | Heisei 8 | 1952 | Showa 27 |
| 1995 | Heisei 7 | 1951 | Showa 26 |
| 1994 | Heisei 6 | 1950 | Showa 25 |
| 1993 | Heisei 5 | 1949 | Showa 24 |
| 1992 | Heisei 4 | 1948 | Showa 23 |
| 1991 | Heisei 3 | 1947 | Showa 22 |
| 1990 | Heisei 2 | 1946 | Showa 21 |
| 1989 | Showa 64 / Heisei 1 | 1945 | Showa 20 |
| 1988 | Showa 63 | 1944 | Showa 19 |
| 1987 | Showa 62 | 1943 | Showa 18 |
| 1986 | Showa 61 | 1942 | Showa 17 |
| 1985 | Showa 60 | 1941 | Showa 16 |
| 1984 | Showa 59 | 1940 | Showa 15 |
| 1983 | Showa 58 | 1939 | Showa 14 |
| 1982 | Showa 57 | 1938 | Showa 13 |
| 1981 | Showa 56 | 1937 | Showa 12 |
| 1980 | Showa 55 | 1936 | Showa 11 |
| 1979 | Showa 54 | 1935 | Showa 10 |
| 1978 | Showa 53 | 1934 | Showa 9 |
| 1977 | Showa 52 | 1933 | Showa 8 |
| 1976 | Showa 51 | 1932 | Showa 7 |
| 1975 | Showa 50 | 1931 | Showa 6 |
| 1974 | Showa 49 | 1930 | Showa 5 |
| 1973 | Showa 48 | 1929 | Showa 4 |
| 1972 | Showa 47 | 1928 | Showa 3 |
| 1971 | Showa 46 | 1927 | Showa 2 |
| 1970 | Showa 45 | 1926 | Taisho 15 / Showa 1 |
| 1969 | Showa 44 | 1925 | Taisho 14 |
| 1968 | Showa 43 | 1924 | Taisho 13 |
| 1967 | Showa 42 | 1923 | Taisho 12 |
| 1966 | Showa 41 | 1922 | Taisho 11 |
| 1965 | Showa 40 | 1921 | Taisho 10 |
| 1964 | Showa 39 | 1920 | Taisho 9 |
| 1963 | Showa 38 | 1919 | Taisho 8 |
| 1962 | Showa 37 | 1918 | Taisho 7 |
| 1961 | Showa 36 | 1917 | Taisho 6 |
| 1960 | Showa 35 | 1916 | Taisho 5 |
| 1959 | Showa 34 | 1915 | Taisho 4 |
| 1958 | Showa 33 | 1914 | Taisho 3 |
| 1957 | Showa 32 | 1913 | Taisho 2 |
| 1956 | Showa 31 | 1912 | Taisho 1 |
The table below shows all periods of the Imperial calendar since 645:
| Ano | Período | Kanji |
|---|---|---|
| 645 | Taika | 大化 |
| 650 | Hakuchi | 白雉 |
| 686 | Shuchō | 朱鳥 |
| 701 | Taihō | 大宝 |
| 704 | Keiun | 慶雲 |
| 708 | Wadō | 和銅 |
| 715 | Reiki | 霊亀 |
| 717 | Yōrō | 養老 |
| 724 | Jinki | 神亀 |
| 729 | Tempyō | 天平 |
| 749 | Tempyōkampō | 天平感宝 |
| 749 | Tempyōshōhō | 天平勝宝 |
| 757 | Tempyōjōji | 天平宝字 |
| 765 | Tempyōjingo | 天平神護 |
| 767 | Jingokeiun | 神護景雲 |
| 770 | Hōki | 宝亀 |
| 781 | Ten'ō | 天応 |
| 782 | Enryaku | 延暦 |
| 806 | Daidō | 大同 |
| 810 | Kōnin | 弘仁 |
| 823 | Tenchō | 天長 |
| 834 | Jōwa | 承和 |
| 848 | Kashō | 嘉祥 |
| 851 | Ninju | 仁寿 |
| 855 | Saikō | 斉衡 |
| 857 | Ten'an | 天安 |
| 859 | Jōgan | 貞観 |
| 877 | Gangyō | 元慶 |
| 885 | Ninna | 仁和 |
| 889 | Kampyō | 寛平 |
| 898 | Shōtai | 昌泰 |
| 901 | Engi | 延喜 |
| 923 | Enchō | 延長 |
| 931 | Jōhei | 承平 |
| 938 | Tengyō | 天慶 |
| 947 | Tenryaku | 天暦 |
| 957 | Tentoku | 天徳 |
| 961 | Ōwa | 応和 |
| 964 | Kōhō | 康保 |
| 968 | Anna | 安和 |
| 970 | Tenroku | 天禄 |
| 974 | Ten'en | 天延 |
| 976 | Jōgen | 貞元 |
| 979 | Tengen | 天元 |
| 983 | Eikan | 永観 |
| 985 | Kanna | 寛和 |
| 987 | Eien | 永延 |
| 989 | Eiso | 永祚 |
| 990 | Shōryaku | 正暦 |
| 995 | Chōtoku | 長徳 |
| 999 | Chōhō | 長保 |
| 1004 | Kankō | 寛弘 |
| 1013 | Chōwa | 長和 |
| 1017 | Kannin | 寛仁 |
| 1021 | Jian | 治安 |
| 1024 | Manju | 万寿 |
| 1028 | Chōgen | 長元 |
| 1037 | Chōryaku | 長暦 |
| 1040 | Chōkyū | 長久 |
| 1045 | Kantoku | 寛徳 |
| 1046 | Eishō | 永承 |
| 1053 | Tengi | 天喜 |
| 1058 | Kōhei | 康平 |
| 1065 | Jiryaku | 治暦 |
| 1069 | Enkyū | 延久 |
| 1074 | Jōhō | 承保 |
| 1078 | Jōryaku | 承暦 |
| 1081 | Eihō | 永保 |
| 1084 | Ōtoku | 応徳 |
| 1087 | Kanji | 寛治 |
| 1095 | Kahō | 嘉保 |
| 1097 | Eichō | 永長 |
| 1098 | Jōtoku | 承徳 |
| 1099 | Kōwa | 康和 |
| 1104 | Chōji | 長治 |
| 1106 | Kajō | 嘉承 |
| 1108 | Tennin | 天仁 |
| 1110 | Tennei | 天永 |
| 1113 | Eikyū | 永久 |
| 1118 | Gen'ei | 元永 |
| 1120 | Hōan | 保安 |
| 1124 | Tenji | 天治 |
| 1126 | Daiji | 大治 |
| 1131 | Tenshō | 天承 |
| 1132 | Chōshō | 長承 |
| 1135 | Hōen | 保延 |
| 1141 | Eiji | 永治 |
| 1142 | Kōji | 康治 |
| 1144 | Ten'yō | 天養 |
| 1145 | Kyūan | 久安 |
| 1151 | Nimpei | 仁平 |
| 1154 | Kyūju | 久寿 |
| 1156 | Hōgen | 保元 |
| 1159 | Heiji | 平治 |
| 1160 | Eiryaku | 永暦 |
| 1161 | Ōhō | 応保 |
| 1163 | Chōkan | 長寛 |
| 1165 | Eiman | 永万 |
| 1166 | Nin'an | 仁安 |
| 1169 | Kaō | 嘉応 |
| 1171 | Shōan | 承安 |
| 1175 | Angen | 安元 |
| 1177 | Jishō | 治承 |
| 1181 | Yōwa | 養和 |
| 1182 | Juei | 寿永 |
| 1184 | Genryaku | 元暦 |
| 1185 | Bunji | 文治 |
| 1190 | Kenkyū | 建久 |
| 1199 | Shōji | 正治 |
| 1201 | Kennin | 建仁 |
| 1204 | Genkyū | 元久 |
| 1206 | Ken'ei | 建永 |
| 1207 | Jōgen | 承元 |
| 1211 | Kenryaku | 建暦 |
| 1214 | Kempō | 建保 |
| 1219 | Jōkyū | 承久 |
| 1222 | Jōō | 貞応 |
| 1225 | Gennin | 元仁 |
| 1225 | Karoku | 嘉禄 |
| 1228 | Antei | 安貞 |
| 1229 | Kanki | 寛喜 |
| 1232 | Jōei | 貞永 |
| 1233 | Tempuku | 天福 |
| 1235 | Bunryaku | 文暦 |
| 1235 | Katei | 嘉禎 |
| 1239 | Ryakunin | 暦仁 |
| 1239 | En'ō | 延応 |
| 1240 | Ninji | 仁治 |
| 1243 | Kangen | 寛元 |
| 1247 | Hōji | 宝治 |
| 1249 | Kenchō | 建長 |
| 1256 | Kōgen | 康元 |
| 1257 | Shōka | 正嘉 |
| 1259 | Shōgen | 正元 |
| 1260 | Bun'ō | 文応 |
| 1261 | Kōchō | 弘長 |
| 1264 | Bun'ei | 文永 |
| 1275 | Kenji | 健治 |
| 1278 | Kōan | 弘安 |
| 1288 | Shōō | 正応 |
| 1293 | Einin | 永仁 |
| 1299 | Shōan | 正安 |
| 1303 | Kengen | 乾元 |
| 1303 | Kagen | 嘉元 |
| 1307 | Tokuji | 徳治 |
| 1308 | Enkyō | 延慶 |
| 1311 | Ōchō | 応長 |
| 1312 | Shōwa | 正和 |
| 1317 | Bumpō | 文保 |
| 1319 | Gen'ō | 元応 |
| 1321 | Genkō | 元亨 |
| 1325 | Shōchu | 正中 |
| 1326 | Karyaku | 嘉暦 |
| 1329 | Gentoku | 元徳 |
| 1331 | Genkō (Southern) | 元弘 |
| 1332 | Shōkei | 正慶 |
| 1334 | Kemmu (Southern) | 建武 |
| 1336 | Eigen (Southern) | 延元 |
| 1338 | Ryakuō | 暦応 |
| 1340 | Kōkoku (Southern) | 興国 |
| 1342 | Kōei | 康永 |
| 1345 | Jōwa | 貞和 |
| 1347 | Shōhei (Southern) | 正平 |
| 1350 | Kan'ō | 観応 |
| 1352 | Bunna | 文和 |
| 1356 | Embun | 延文 |
| 1361 | Kōan | 康安 |
| 1362 | Jōji | 貞治 |
| 1368 | Ōan | 応安 |
| 1370 | Kentoku (Southern) | 建徳 |
| 1372 | Bunchū (Southern) | 文中 |
| 1375 | Eiwa | 永和 |
| 1375 | Tenju (Southern) | 天授 |
| 1379 | Kōryaku | 康暦 |
| 1381 | Eitoku | 永徳 |
| 1381 | Kōwa (Southern) | 弘和 |
| 1384 | Shitoku | 至徳 |
| 1384 | Genchū (Southern) | 元中 |
| 1387 | Kakei | 嘉慶 |
| 1389 | Kōō | 康応 |
| 1390 | Meitoku | 明徳 |
| 1394 | Ōei | 応永 |
| 1428 | Shōchō | 正長 |
| 1429 | Eikyō | 永享 |
| 1441 | Kakitsu | 嘉吉 |
| 1444 | Bun'an | 文安 |
| 1449 | Hōtoku | 宝徳 |
| 1452 | Kyōtoku | 享徳 |
| 1455 | Kōshō | 康正 |
| 1457 | Chōroku | 長禄 |
| 1461 | Kanshō | 寛正 |
| 1466 | Bunshō | 文正 |
| 1467 | Ōnin | 応仁 |
| 1469 | Bummei | 文明 |
| 1487 | Chōkyō | 長享 |
| 1489 | Entoku | 延徳 |
| 1492 | Meiō | 明応 |
| 1501 | Bunki | 文亀 |
| 1504 | Eishō | 永正 |
| 1521 | Daiei | 大永 |
| 1528 | Kyōroku | 享禄 |
| 1532 | Tembun | 天文 |
| 1555 | Kōji | 弘治 |
| 1558 | Eiroku | 永禄 |
| 1570 | Genki | 元亀 |
| 1573 | Tenshō | 天正 |
| 1593 | Bunroku | 文禄 |
| 1596 | Keichō | 慶長 |
| 1615 | Genna | 元和 |
| 1624 | Kan'ei | 寛永 |
| 1645 | Shōhō | 正保 |
| 1648 | Keian | 慶安 |
| 1652 | Jōō | 承応 |
| 1655 | Meireki | 明暦 |
| 1658 | Manji | 万治 |
| 1661 | Kambun | 寛文 |
| 1673 | Empō | 延宝 |
| 1681 | Tenna | 天和 |
| 1684 | Jōkyō | 貞享 |
| 1688 | Genroku | 元禄 |
| 1704 | Hōei | 宝永 |
| 1711 | Shōtoku | 正徳 |
| 1716 | Kyōhō | 享保 |
| 1736 | Gembun | 元文 |
| 1741 | Kampō | 寛保 |
| 1744 | Enkyō | 延享 |
| 1748 | Kan'en | 寛延 |
| 1751 | Hōreki | 宝暦 |
| 1764 | Meiwa | 明和 |
| 1773 | An'ei | 安永 |
| 1781 | Temmei | 天明 |
| 1801 | Kansei | 寛政 |
| 1802 | Kyōwa | 享和 |
| 1804 | Bunka | 文化 |
| 1818 | Bunsei | 文政 |
| 1831 | Tempō | 天保 |
| 1845 | Kōka | 弘化 |
| 1848 | Kaei | 嘉永 |
| 1855 | Ansei | 安政 |
| 1860 | Man'ei | 万延 |
| 1861 | Bunkyū | 文久 |
| 1864 | Genji | 元治 |
| 1865 | Keiō | 慶応 |
| 1868 | Meiji | 明治 |
| 1912 | Taishō | 大正 |
| 1926 | Shōwa | 昭和 |
| 1989 | Heisei | 平成 |
